Essay about Billy Pilgrim as a Saint or Nutcase in...

Billy Pilgrim as a Saint or Nutcase in Slaughterhouse Five Billy is a nut, hes just plain bonkers. For started Billy has a history of mental problems he has been institutionalized twice. The first time was when he father died this was while he was in training, before he went off to war. The second time was when he came back from the war. Plus he had the head injury from the plane crash. He only started talking about the Tralfamadorians after the plane. And its odd that every thing about the Tralfamadorians is from those good old Kilgore Trout novels. Now remember Billy first started to read Trouts novels when he committed himself, this was second time he was in the nut house it was after the war. The whole notion of time, the†¦show more content†¦It doesnt take a rocket scientist to figure out that he wouldnt have trouble finding a job he was set for life. Billy even knew he was crazy to be asking her. Isnt it odd that Billys Time Traveling only happens in stressful situations and moments? Billy seems to have no control over it. It seems like whenever things take a turn for the wors t Billy time travels to Tralfamador to get away from it all. In Tralfamador all of his needs are taken care of. Tralfamador is a fantasyland for Billys. On Tralfamador Billy has this knockout wife, Montana. Yet Montana on Earth is a porno star, and Billy found out about her while in New York City at a porno bookstore. The whole wife thing just yells insanity! Billy is married to a woman who he finds physical unattractive so of course he would have thoughts of a woman who was beautiful as Montana, its like a guilty pleasure thing. It in deed makes sense for a man being that sexually deprived and unhappy and highly unlucky, to go crazy. You cant really live if your not happy, may be thats why Billy does not resist death, like a normal person would. So heres what I think, Billy is a crazy nutcase! Whenever the real world gets too hard he time travels to Tralfamador, hes little fantasyland where everything is wonderful, and he has his Hollywood wife. Is Billy crazy? Many visionaries, saints and great mind are considered crazy during their lifetime because they were before their time. Such visionaries

Why Is It Important to Study the Media, Rather Than Simply...

Everyday we encounter the media in some form. It could be waking up to the sound of the radio, or passing billboards in the streets or simply just watching television. They are a lot of different forms of media, for example, verbal or written media, visual media and aural media. Examples of media would include newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television, billboard advertisements as well as the internet. Media studies came about because of the developments in mass communication and it provokes the generation of exigent questions about what we think we know as well how we came about knowing it. There are always changes in the media and the term media refers to the many ways of physically forming meanings as well and carrying them. The†¦show more content†¦Since there is no single interpretation of reality, it is crucial to understand how media texts are used in order to make sense of the world we live in. We have to try to understand the elements of language and culture, th e form and context that shape the meanings that are available to us. The text is likely to be interpreted through genre (the different codes producers and audiences communicated with) and context, which are divide into 3 levels : The rest of the text, the genre of the text, the winder public context in which a text is circulated (McKee, 2001). It is also important to study the media as the media industries now rely more on freelancers and because of the vast advancement in other industries, freelance work has become more in demand and it is a flexible career and this appeals more to people today. Studying the media is also a very good way to understand the different jobs in the media industries and how these works are changing. The film and broadcasting industries have been predicted to face a shortage of skills it the time to come and therefore will be in need of people who are literate about the media. However, getting a career is not only the importance of doing media studies. Some point in our lives we would have to engage with the media in some form, not just as a consumer or audience but perhaps a producer. Media studies is a course that is rather challenging and it will somehow make aShow MoreRelatedWhy is important to study the media, rather than simply consume it?1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe media is a dynamic e ntity inherent in society that is both powerful and important. It demonstrates this by playing a vital role in the development of a person s perspective on political, economic and socio-cultural issues. This consequently helps to shape individuals viewpoints of the world and define their lives through the interpretation of media texts. (Newman, 2004). Bazalgette supported Newman s point by stating Media studies open up your understanding of how things work, how peopleRead MoreHow Media Influences The Minds Of All Who Consume It1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is not simply receiving information and believing it (such as a sponge), they are active in their interpretation of the text, meaning they are able to dissect the text and come to their own conclusions. On the contrary, a Passive audience member simply soaks up all information shown to them in a media text without any user interaction, just as the creator of the media form intended. Different scholars have differing theories on how the media influences the minds of all who consume it, and itRead MorePieter1307 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind â€Å" Jim Morrison Media Studies Course Outline Media Studies Core Concepts Media Studies Assessment Checklist COURSE OUTLINE â€Å"The media’s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of the masses.† Malcolm X Mass communication to Everyone. Disseminating Information to a wideRead MoreThe Importance Of Media Literacy1737 Words   |  7 PagesIndeed, the pervasiveness of media in its abundant forms in contemporary US culture is undeniable. Almost everywhere one looks, one can find forms of media; a magazine at a doctor’s office, a billboard alongside a freeway, a painting at an art gallery, a performance on television or on stage. Media, undeniably, is ubiquitous. However, in all the innumerous forms media comes to us in, every one of these forms is created for a single purpose; to communicate an idea or message. Thus, it the individual’sRead MoreSocial Media Has Changed The Landscape Of The Media Environment984 Words   |  4 Pages Social media has changed the landscape of the media environment, and the way millions go about obtaining their news. Technology has now made it possible to speak to a large amount of people at one time. With a proliferation of new technologies social media platforms are uniquely positioned to capitalize on the communication aspect of social media, which makes it exceptionally influential. Many of us are familiar with the term social media, have used social media, but could not readily defineRead MoreImpact Of Fast Food On Teens1076 Words   |  5 Pagesit but just so we are like the other person we buy it. â€Å"Results from the study also indicated that fast food ads on the Internet led to increased consumption of the foods†,indicate National Academies the results of this study show that ads have the biggest impact on teens than television and or newspaper does. Another thing is that teens tend to see food that other people are eating and since they have seen it in the m edia it impacts them more. Most of the time it is famous people who influence teensRead MoreHome Is A And A Fire1599 Words   |  7 PagesWhen did the idea of â€Å"home† become embedded in our conscious? In the earliest history of our ancestors, home may have been simply a small fire and the light it cast on a few familiar faces, surrounded perhaps by some ancient cave that they constantly go back to. Nowadays, the definition of home is solider than simply just a cave and a fire. Home is a place which brings back good memories, it is a symbol of comfort and wellness. Consider the word home. Picture it: a well trimmed green lawn, a whiteRead MoreFraming and Agenda Setting Bias in News Media Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesFraming and Agenda Setting Bias in News Media The Hutchinson Commission on freedom of the press best defined news in 1947 as a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of the days events in a context which gives them meaning.Journalism in todays news is not the same as it was over half a century ago. The Fairness Doctrine, which was eliminated in 1987, was a policy that required the holders of broadcast licenses to both present controversial issues of public importance and to do soRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1619 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction of GMOs in the 1990s, it has elicited numerous debates from nutritionists, farmers and health experts all over the world. Others like the US government terms the organisms as safe and citizens can use them for food (McCluskey, 2014). Other than the EU and Japan, environmental groups such as the Greenpeace and friends of the Earth resist GMO use as they express concerns over the unknown environmental and health impacts (McCluskey, 2014). Besides, these organi zations against the GMOs have worriesRead MoreUnderage Drinking And Teenage Drinking1584 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Wilmore Joshua James, Instructor ENG 111 07 July 2015 Underage Drinking â€Å"With such compelling information, the question is why haven t we been able to do more to prevent the crisis of underage drinking? The answer is: rising the age to 25† is what Lucille Roybal-Allard once said, a U.S. Representative for serving in Congress since 1993. This statement has brought many to speculate of issues and debates. This expression opened the eyes of American people that often struggled to make this truth

Education and Tech School Free Essays

A contemplated future Carmen Herrera’s future job outlook can take many separate directions. There are many things that will alter her future for better or worse, the one that we will look at today involves her decision on whether or not she should go to Radcliff tech, or go to mountainfeild university and what majors and what type of jobs these school’s offer out of the three categories that Robert Reich classifies jobs in his 1989 essay â€Å"u. s income inequality keeps on rising†. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Tech School or any similar topic only for you Order Now The three categories are broken up into symbolic analytic services, routine personal services and routine production services. Each school offers jobs in these categories and we will look at the advantages and disadvantages of both schools. Carmen Herrera’s future job outlook at Radcliff tech has many advantages, these advantages include jobs that will be easier to land and obtain than jobs she would land in a university, these jobs include many jobs in the routine personal services categories and many in the routine production services categories. Tech schools tend to specialize in jobs for production and personal services because the teachers and majors available to these students are limited in terms of what they are able to teach and the education of the teachers. Some tech schools are even more specialized to a certain field. For example a school like pennco tech is mainly specified for automotive, students looking for a mechanic certification would be interested in a school like this. Another advantage of going to a tech school is that tuition and fees are much more affordable compared to a large university. This makes tech school more accessible than the majority of universities. This makes choosing a major considerably easier than a university because the student already knows what they want to do most likely before they arrive at the tech school. Ratcliff tech also has many disadvantages; the big disadvantage of going to a tech school is that their selection of courses is greatly diminished compared to a university. This is mainly because the school does not have the proper funding or education to offer a wide variety of majors. Teachers are often in demand at tech schools and these teachers are not as educated or as good of teachers as most university teachers. The other disadvantage of going to a tech school is they do not offer many jobs in the analytic services category because these jobs take much higher education and a lot more years of schooling. These jobs typically offer a much higher income than the jobs in the other two categories stated. Students have an option to go to tech school or a university. The advantages of going to a university in my mind greatly outweigh the advantages of going to a tech school. This is because at a university the average degree earns a student a much greater amount of money than the average tech school degree does. That is because there are more jobs in the analytic services category than any of the other categories. Jobs in this category are typically jobs like a CEO of a big fortune 500 company or someone who created a product and now is majority owner or chairman of the company. This is because these school’s offer a higher education and give the student the necessary tools to become a ceo or chairman. A university like mountainfeild also has many disadvantages too. Like any university the student will be in a much bigger community and they will not receive the specialized attention and education that a tech school will offer Them this can make or break certain students and also can give them a better chance in learning their major and field of choice, this is why many students at big university’s tend to drop out or fail out because the course load or lack of individualized attention does not fit them well and the job categories that a tech school offers fit them a lot better than a large university does. Another disadvantage of a large university is that the school takes a lot longer to graduate from and in many fields in production and services there is no need for 4 years or even more worth of schooling when you can get it in two years or less at a tech school. The advantages and disadvantages of going to a tech school or a university make the decision very hard; this is why thousands and thousands of students have to make a tough decision every year. Tech school’s offer benefits in the short term but lack the education and degree that you would receive from a university, in the long run university’s give back much more than any tech school can offer, a students future can depend on if they made the right decision and if this decision is a viable one for your future. The three job categories are big point when deciding on whether you want to go to a tech school or university. University’s offer many more jobs in the analytic area and this is very tempting but tech school’s give you a quick way of getting certification in the production or services categories. Both schools offer many things and lack in many things so the decision will not be easy. How to cite Education and Tech School, Essay examples

Law of Contracts

Question: Discuss about the Law of Contracts. Answer: Step 1 In this case the legal issue in question is that whether there has been a formation of valid contract between the burger company and the two claimants Johnathon and Amanda according to the rule of offer and acceptance required to constitute a contract. Step 2 In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1 the defendant produced Carbolic Smoke Ball which were made to prevent the users from getting affected by influenza and other similar disease. The company has published an advertisement that they will reward 100 pounds to any person who gets affected by influenza or any such disease after taking using the smoke ball provided by the company for a specified period. The company deposited 1000 pounds in a separate bank out to show their sincerity towards the matter. With respect to the advertisement the claimant Mr. Carlill bought the smoke ball and used them according to the instructions and subsequently was affected by flu and made a claim for the reward. The smoke ball company refused to pay the rewards and was ultimately sued by the claimant. In this landmark case the court ruled that the claimant was entitled to get the rewards from the company. The court further provided that there existed a unilateral agreement which comprised the offer through an advertisement by the defendant and the acceptance by the claimant through the performance of the conditions of the offer. The plaintiff claimed that advertisement was a clear offer, as this was an offer in rem as soon as the offeree committed the act mentioned in the offer it let to the formation of the contract and the terms of the offer were clear to constitute a valid offer. The defendant claimed that the advertisement was unclear and vague to constitute an offer, there was no consideration in the offer and there was no communication of acceptance. In relation to the offer the court held that an offer can also be made to the world at large. The court held that the advertisement made by the company constituted an offer as it was evident by the action of the company (deposit of 1000 pounds in a separate bank account for the purpose) that it was not a sales puff. The court is this case also ruled that the language of the offer in this case was appropriately clear to make it enforceable. The court in this case ruled that even though according to a general rule it is required to communicate the acceptance to the offeror may opt out of the need for a notification expressly or implied as he has done in this case. In this case the offeror made it clear that the offeree did not have to communicate acceptance to offeror and the acceptance can be done through the performance of a particular action (use of smoke ball). With respect to consideration the court held that the consideration in this case was the problems suffered by the claimant through using the company product according to the direction of mentioned in the offer. Moreover the defendant had received proper benefits as people used more of their products due to the advertisement (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). According to the principles of revocation of an offer, an offer can be revoked any time through direct or indirect communication of the the notice of revocation by the offeror before an acceptance is made. This principle was discussed broadly in the case of Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Common Pleas Div where the court held that revocation requires communication. Step 3 Applying the lea gal principles discussed in step 2 it can be confirmed that advertisement made by the burger company comprised of a valid offer. This can be ascertained because the terms of the offer were clear. Although the terms of the offer stated limited time with respect to its validity, it was not too vague to challenge the existence of a valid offer. The intention and consideration with respect to the contract in this case are already unchallenged and it is deemed that they exist. According to the principles of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co it can be analyzed that only if the offeror has made it clear impliedly or expressly that abiding by the terms of the offer will constitute a valid acceptance, only than acceptance of that offer could be made in this form. It was made clear by the offer that acceptance of the offer would only be made when the winning ticket is communicated to the head office of the company. Applying the legal principles of revocation of an offer discussed in step 2, it can be analyzed that the company had the right to withdraw the offer any time before the communication of acceptance was made to them. This had to be done by the company by directly or indirectly communicating the revocation to the offerees. The company did so by making radio and televisions advertisement along with publishing the notice of renovation at their head office. In the case of Amanda it can be analyzed that although Amanda committed the actions according to the terms of that contract before she could actually make the acceptance by showing the ticket to the head office the notice of revocation of the offer was made to her as she read the notice hung on the head office reception. Therefore, there was no contract between Amanda and the company and she is not entitled to get the car. It is to be noted in this situation that it is irrelevant whether or not she bought the burgers herself. In the case of Johnathon it can be analyzed that his purchase of 25 burgers and redemption of the tokens for the winning tickets did not account to an acceptance of the offer. This can be asserted because the offer clearly stated that acceptance would only be made when the winning ticket is communicated to the offeree. According to the legal principles discussed in Step 2 revocation of an offer can be made any time before an acceptance to that offer is made, such revocation can be direct or indirect. In this case the claimant presumed that he did not hear the radio and television news related to the offer, and when he reached the head office he was not able to see the notice presented their due to the crowd. It can be asserted in this case that the revocation was neither direct nor indirectly was communicated to Johnathon. Therefore without having proper notice of the revocation it can be held that the presentation of the winning ticket by Johnathon at the counter accounted to the fo rmation of a contract. However the company had already accepted the claim of another person before such communication of acceptance was made by Jonathon therefore the offer ceased to exist as it was clear in the terms of the offer that the company intended to provide only one care to a winning ticket. Step 4 Thus in this case it can be concluded that neither Amanda nor Johnathon are eligible to claim the car from the burger company as revocation through notice was made to the former claimant before her acceptance and in case of the latter the offer did not exist as it was already accepted by another offeree. References: Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344 Common Pleas Div Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Court of Appeal [1893] 1 QB 256; [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Lambiris, M. Griffin, L. (2016). First Principles of Business Law (latest ed.). Sydney.

Catholic Charities and Their Relevance

Facts About Shakespeare - A Shakespeare Crib Sheet

Facts About Shakespeare - A Shakespeare Crib Sheet Facts about Shakespeare can sometimes be hard to find! To help you sort the fact from the speculation, we’ve put together a Shakespeare â€Å"crib sheet† †¦ a single reference page packed with facts – and only facts – about Shakespeare. The links are there to help you delve deeper into the subject. Key Facts About Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born on 23rd April, 1564He died on 23rd April 1616The dates above are approximate because there is no record of neither his birth nor death. We only have records of his baptism and burial.If we accept the dates, Shakespeare was born and died on the same day – in fact Shakespeare’s death occurred on his 52nd birthday! Facts About Shakespeare’s Life Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, but later moved to London for workShakespeare had three children with his wife, Anne HathawayWhen he left for London, Shakespeare left his family behind in Stratford. He did, however, retire back to Stratford at the end of his careerThere is evidence that Shakespeare was a â€Å"secret† CatholicBy the end of his life, Shakespeare was a wealthy gentleman and had a coat of arms. His final residence was New Place, the largest house in Stratford-upon-AvonShakespeare was buried inside Holy Trinity Church in StratfordShakespeare’s grave has a curse engraved upon itShakespeare’s birthday is celebrated worldwide every year. The main festival is in Stratford-upon-Avon on Saint George’s Day Facts About Shakespeare’s Time Shakespeare was not a â€Å"one-off genius†, as many people would have you believe. Rather he was a product of his timeShakespeare grew up during the renaissanceQueen Elizabeth I ruled for much of Shakespeare’s life and she would sometimes come and watch his plays Facts About Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare wrote 38 playsShakespeare’s plays are split into three genres: tragedy, comedy and historyHamlet is often regarded as the Bard’s best playRomeo and Juliet is often regarded as the Bard’s most famous playShakespeare may have co-authored many of his plays Facts About Shakespeare’s Sonnets Shakespeare wrote 157 sonnetsThe sonnets are split into sections. The first follows the Fair Youth and the second follows the so-called Dark LadyIt likely that the sonnets were never intended for publicationSonnet 18 is often regarded as Shakespeare’s most famous sonnetShakespeare’s sonnets are written in a strict poetic meter called Iambic Pentameter and have 14 lines each. Facts About Shakespeare’s Theatre The theatre experience in Shakespeare’s time was very different to today – crowds would eat and talk through the production and plays would be performed in the open airThe Globe Theatre was made from the materials of a stolen theatre that Shakespeare’s theatre company dismantled at midnight and floated across the Thames RiverShakespeare described the Globe Theatre as the â€Å"Wooden O† because of its shapeThe original Globe Theatre was demolished to make way for tenements in 1644 when it fell out of useThe building that currently stands in London is a replica built from traditional materials and techniques. It is not on the original site, but very close to it!Today, the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is the World’s leading producer of Shakespeare and is headquartered in the Bard’s hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon

Compare and contrast the influence on employment policy of the Essay

Compare and contrast the influence on employment policy of the European Union and NAFTA on their respective member states. Evaluate their likely impact on the practice of International HRM - Essay Example nd being two of the world’s largest economies for instance, there are widespread differences in terms of complexity in decision making process and distinctiveness in terms of policies and organizational framework. However, the existence of such apparent similarities as well as differences to certain extent do not prevent or hamper the objective of this paper that seeks to offer a comparison between the two unions. This paper examines, discusses and analyses the influence on employment policy of the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on their respective member states and also the subsequent and likely impact on the practice of international HRM. It also offers an overview of the impact of EU and NAFTA’s employment policies on the labor market of their respective member states. The North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA, is a trilateral free trade deal which came into force in January 1994, which was established with an aim of eradicating the huge amount of tariffs that were levied on products or goods which formed a part of trade between the three North American countries namely Mexico, Canada and the United States1 while the European Union or the EU is a conglomeration of several sovereign states merged together for various economic benefits. The main goal of the EU is the progressive integration of Member States economic and political systems and the establishment of a single market based on the free movement of goods, people, money and services2. This paper discusses the impact of such associations on the labor market, economy, and employment and discusses key concerns faced by them. It further discusses the extent of benefits, if any, or challenges and opportunities faced by them and trace the factors that highlight the similarities as well as differences between them. The European Union is constantly facing challenges from the enlargement of the Central and Eastern European states3 on account of transition as well

How useful is the cultural imperialism thesis Essay

How useful is the cultural imperialism thesis - Essay Example When these capitalist corporations establish their business in the developing countries they deploy their work ethic, punctuality, thrift, conformity, and hierarchical organisational structures that contribute to amassing economic surpluses. Though these corporations pay a good wage to the employees they hire, ultimately the accumulated surpluses are carried across to the developed Western and/or capitalist societies. The ‘cultural imperialism thesis' caters to this phenomenon of subordination and domination1 CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THESIS We generally refer to the phrase ‘cultural imperialism thesis’ to elucidate the process of deterritorialization. Deterritorialization is reducing the time and space barriers between physical territories hence restructuring the old cultural geographical and social territories.2 For that reason it is appropriate to say that cultural imperialism thesis is a comprehensive framework intended to account for this complex global cultural bu ild-up and the resulting relationships.3 The key elements that this thesis caters to are cultures that are suppressing other weak cultures. First and foremost of these dominant cultures are Western and/or American culture.4 Therefore, this thesis expounds on the strategies used to regulate, deregulate and re-regulate the domination. Often there are historical cultural events that condense a culture’s value systems and its ability to overpower the other. The inequality of conditions that takes place is a key issue discussed in this thesis. This occurrence of historical dominance can be exemplified by referring to the course of colonialism that empowered Western cultures to subordinate the cultures of Asia, Africa, the Americas and certain other regions of the world. The colonisation shows the cultural superiority of the 'West over the Rest’ because the West had a strong economy and liberal democracy that set standards for the weak cultures to follow.5 On this basis, we can say that cultural imperialism works at the conscious and the unconscious level, as it gives people the appropriate standards for their being to which they ought to identify.6 The emergence of capitalism in the Western world is another key element that is covered by the cultural imperialism thesis. Capitalism in the Western world originates from both Western and capitalist values. But when we look into examples of capitalism in Japan we see it was dictatorial to a certain extent, whereas capitalism in the UK was not. Therefore, we know that there is a difference between these. The economic superiority of the first world resulted from the rise of capitalism. It is a well-known phenomenon that the organization, structure and regulations of cultural exchange between the dominant first world and the subordinate developing world have been based on capitalistic principles. Now, the capitalist classes of the first world meander around the world in pursuit of trading opportunities to mul tiply their trade and profits. The transnational business is a name given to the model of business that could multiply the trade and profit options of the capitalistic class from the first world. Therefore, now the

War on Terrorism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

War on Terrorism - Coursework Example The United States should not be involved in this war; they have started this war on terrorism and it is in their hand to end it too. Every country should be given the opportunity to solve their own internal problems, and no other country should have the right about invading in another country’s internal affairs (Rashid, 2003). The United States stands for freedom and cares about the life of American citizens, however, when it comes to the war on terrorism, American soldiers are sent to Afghanistan and Iraq to fight, and many of them don’t return to their land. Those who do return suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (Kimmel, Stout & Zimbardo, 2006); war gives fewer benefits and more cost. The most important point here is that the war on terrorism has not suppressed terrorism, but it has created more enemies for the state; it promotes violence, instead of dealing with the acts of terror or strengthening the security of a country. Â  

Starbucks against Vietnamese coffee culture

Starbucks against Vietnamese coffee culture Starbucks brand name is one of most admired famous global business in the world (Moore, 2006, p.7). Moreover, in terms of marketing, Starbucks always is the case study for discussing about it successful marketing and branding strategies. Because of the fall of the economy, it was forced to close 700 stores that were unable to make enough profit and cut thousands of jobs in America, UK, and Australia after a drop in sales in 2008. The brand was also facing the issue of their customers choosing a cheaper option over their higher coffee prices. Starbucks then was applauded for their handling of crisis situations. This report will apply relevant theory and practice of strategic marketing management to explore the situation, contributing factors and management of marketing strategies in the financial crisis sector, reflecting the happenings and identifying recommendations relevant to Starbucks International Coffee. OVERVIEW OF STARBUCKS COFFEE The Seattle-based Starbucks Corporation, which founded in 1971, is nowadays a multinational coffee and coffee house chain with over 15,000 stores in in all 50 states and 43 countries outside of the United States (Pham, 2008, p.8). Serving consumers everywhere (Moore, 2006, p.12.), the aim of Starbucks is to establish and leverage its powerhouse premium specialty coffee through rapid expansion of retail operations, new distribution channels and successful make it coffee a global product for millions customers. Appendix 1 At Starbucks Coffee, the mission is [] to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a time. (Clampitt, 2009). Starbucks has been and always be proud of their commitment to maintaining quality, integrity, and great taste of coffee through the course of its growth and the high value placed on the employees/partners worldwide (LeFort, 2008) . Appendix 2,3 Store Expansion Strategy of Starbucks Throughout the 1990s, Starbucks had started developed a three-year geographic expansion strategy (Clampitt, 2009) then Starbucks store launches grew more successful in revenue (Creamer, 2007). Not just selling the coffee, Starbucks model with opening new stores next to doors and inside shopping malls caused them to increase in value than all other competitors (Cebrzynski, 2007) In 2004, Starbucks announced to analysts that it had a very aggressive target to double its rate of expansion. Their stated goal was to grow to 15,000 stores in the US. According to the report in an article, Starbucks has more than 13,000 locations around the world, and has overstretched itself with the long-term goal of 40,000 stores worldwide (Woodward, 2007, Clark, 2008). Appendix 4, 5, 6 There is a raised question that whether it is a bad business decision for coffee chain Starbucks to expand its brand too quick. (Cebrzynski, 2007) is also suspicious that has Starbucks lost its Starbucks experience by growing that big? (Business: Trouble brewing, 2007) FINANCIAL CRISIS AND COMMODITIZATION OF THE BRAND A crisis, according to (Brown, 2003) is a decisive moment, a turning point, a time of great difficulty, then marketing cannot possibly be in crisis. Mr Schultz, Starbuckss CEO, saw the crisis coming. He had discovered the problem of their own development strategies: Stores no longer have the experienced soul with the warm feeling of a neighbourhood store. At the beginning of 2007, he did warned about the commoditisation of the brand that the expansion from 1,000 to more than 13,000 shops over the past ten years, in order to achieve the growth, development, has led to a series of decisions that make a watering down of the Starbucks experience. (Businessweek. 2007). The decline of Starbucks is the result of over expanding previous years, has been criticized by those who oppose globalization such as ( Klein, 2009): Instead of opening giant stores on the outskirts of town, Starbucks chooses locations right in the range of the inner area already full with all kinds of coffee house. This s trategy relies heavily on the cost reduction by purchasing multiple quantities at wholesale prices like Wal-Mar, however, affected more by the competitors The rapid growth has obviously caused Starbucks some problems. For the first time in its 37-year- history Starbucks lost customers and profits collapsed 97% (Jagger, 2008) during the fourth quarter of 2007 after the ubiquitous coffee chain was forced to absorb the effect of weakening demand. The footfall had declined in the UK, where it has two other big coffee retailer: Whitbreads Costa and Caffà ¨ Nero as well, -$6.7 million after tax, compared with a $158 million profit for the same quarter last year. (Lee, 2008). Although company officials still do not believe growth is an issue (Cebrzynski, 2007), first time in five years, Starbucks was knocked out of first place in the coffee-and-doughnuts category by Dunkin Donuts (Creamer, 2007). And it was the biggest faller in the index by 7 points to 42 out of a possible 100. (Leroux, 2008) Issue Reasons As (Schindehutte et al., 2008) argues that [] something is clearly affecting the ability of firms and business units to sustain performance ), suffering from a rough economy and its own strategic missteps, Starbucks had to admit their own mistakes, much of which is self-inflicted (Ignatius, 2010) In current economy, as a classic dilemma of any big business, while trying to expand, Starbucks not only have to deal with other factors like competitors and the mortgage crisis, they also competing with themselves. Size may have brought success to Starbucks, but it has also led to issues of brand depersonalisation. In the rush to open more stores, Starbucks is experiencing what all successful brands do when they move from being a small, niche firm to a global entity (Golding,2009). Moreover, there are some extra affections from the environment, such as: The brands bottom line has been hit by the rising costs of raw materials. [] now Starbucks isnt for some people said Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks (Not enough froth Starbucks, 2008). Fancy Starbucks coffee has also struggled to compete with cut-price rivals such as McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts, as these traditionally food-focused outlets have begun to sell their own premium and reasonable coffee offer (Clark, 2008). As the financial crisis has spread to the real economy, a perfect storm of negative factors affecting the consumer (Cebrzynski, 2007). The flagging economy and soaring gas prices are responsible too (Leroux, 2008). Consumers are worried of rising gas prices, energy bills, declining home values, the weak dollar, tighter credit, therefore giving hard consideration to how they spend their money. They even already scale back on restaurant dining that made restaurants are slowly creeping out of their thoughts. STRATEGIC MARKETING MANAGEMENT TO SOLVE PROBLEMS Crisis management is much more than coping with a crisis, it is identifying, studying, forecasting, stopping and avoiding crisis as well. (Clampitt, 2009) Continuous improvement and monitoring in business operation can detect and prevent an upcoming crisis (Rhee Valdez, 2009). Effective marketing can contribute to a firms growth through better anticipation of market opportunities, calibration of risks, a tighter linkage of technological possibilities with market concepts, and faster adjustment to shifting market needs and competitive moves. (Day, 2003) For their part, market-driving firms such as Starbucks is demonstrating how business model innovation results in sustainable advantage and superior long-term performance in a wide range of industries. (Schindehutte et al., 2008). When a crisis or disaster strikes, companies must analyze and choose from many strategic plans. One way they do this is by using a SWOT analysis a strategic planning tool used to evaluate Strengths, Weakness es, Opportunities, and Threats. The goal of a SWOT analysis is to identify key internal and external factors that affect the desired outcome. Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the company and include things like wage/benefits, corporate culture, leadership, marketing, and operations. Opportunities and threats are external to the company and include things like government regulations, competition, and economic and social forces. (Clampitt, 2009) The focus for the strategic management to understand the market and industry processes of Starbucks and must be able to integrate valid and reliable SWOT analysis so as to determine future strategies for business development and growth in the global market. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis will provide enough awareness for the Starbucks and its business management and operations with regards to their strategic management implying relevant points for their resources as well as market approaches and processes in order to stay in shape and in control of their business environment. Applying a SWOT analysis to Starbucks global expansion strategy shows why they have been successful overcome the crisis. Appendix 7 The business strategy of Starbucks is identical to the corporate level strategy, focusing on coffee-related products as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world and maintenance of great environment for every staff member in its retail stores. Continual quality improvement is crucial to competitive success and the perfect symbol for the dilemma that faces world trade (Schindehutte et al., 2008). Therefore, it is typical to give the promises to improve service, reduce growth and expand marketing efforts for responding to a decline in customer traffic (Business: Trouble Brewing, 2007). Equally as important, company should not lose sight of their brand heritage (Cebrzynski, 2007). A long term business strategy built upon the hundreds of little things on a daily basis which is the key to customer relationships in the future (Cannon, 2002). Re-energizing Starbucks Process When a decline in customer traffic happens to any chains like Starbucks, its a signal that the company should re-examine their positions (Cebrzynski, 2007). It is the market that provides signals both to the entrepreneur and marketer regarding what value is needed, when it is needed, and how it should be delivered (Schindehutte et al., 2008). Starbucks needs to go back to its roots (Cebrzynski, 2007) and make its brand special again. Company brought back the original CEO, Howard Schultz to restore the companys shine. Starbucks knows it needs to do something new (Skenazy, 2008). Re-structure: Back to basics Chairman Howard Schultz take back the reins from ousted CEO James Donald, not only closed 100 unspecified, underperforming locations with weak sales but also closed most stores across the US simultaneously in order to retrain to improve customer experience at American stores and to get back to the core (Creamer, 2007). Besides, Geoff Vuleta, CEO of New York innovation consultancy Fahrenheit 212, had a radical solution that open a chain of microstores devoted solely to making coffee. No travel cups, no music, no machines, just amazing beans and a narrow range of the best-in-the-world coffee drinks,, just moving brand back to the basics. Resource-led Strategy: Focus on service quality experience Everyone should know that nothing is better for a business than a satisfied customer who can talk to others about their experience with our service (Cannon, 2002). First of all, Starbucks really needs to refocus on the luxury coffee experience; the smells, the sounds. They also gained customers positive experience in stores by well-trained staffs who were knowledgeable about the companys products, who eagerly communicated the companys passion for coffee, and who had the skills and personality to deliver consistently pleasing customer service (Whats Brewing at Starbucks, 2011). Starbucks wanted to turn all Starbucks employees into partners, give them a chance to share in the success of the company and make clear the connection between their contributions and the companys market value (Thompson Strickland, 2009). From its founding, Starbucks set out to be a third place to spend time, in addition to home and work.(Business: Trouble Brewing, 2007) To remedy that, the company plans to improve its service. Field managers will spend more time in the stores to make sure service really does get better, and new baristas will receive additional training. (Cebrzynski, 2007). New breakfast line, featuring a proprietary baked and chilled food program was unveiled in September. Howard Schultz said the smell of the sandwiches overpowered the aroma of coffee, one of the chains signature features (Jennings, 2008). Following the lead of other coffee chains, Starbucks will also be offering a customer loyalty card for the first time. (Ahmed Walsh, 2008) In an attempt to rvetain loyalty in the UK, Starbucks has introduced free coffee refills for anyone buying a hot drink and has ramped up its hitherto negligible marketing activity (Lee, 2008).  · Market-led Strategy: Reputation management can take a while for a bad reputation to hit your bottom line, or a good one to increase profit (Cannon, 2002). As word-of-mouth is a primary marketing tool, Brian Collins, chief creative officer of New Yorks Collins design research firm, suggested company should better use its digital resources to learn the tastes of regular customers and reach target audience by creating social networking tools like Facebook or Twitter and blog page. They also used it both as a way to stay interacted, involved with their current customers and look for new ones. According to TNS Media Intelligence, Starbucks spent $40 million in the first nine months of 2007 (York, 2008), launched its first national TV campaign to defend its ownership of the coffee segment from encroachment by McDonalds, Dunkin Donuts and other chains (Cebrzynski, 2007). They also created the site My Starbucks Idea (http://mystarbucksidea.force.com/), which gives consumers the opportunity to post ideas, suggestions, to vote and discuss about what they want to see from Starbucks. If they gain support, these ideas may be chosen to carry out to change the company in its business process, product development, experience development, and store design.(Jarvis 2008) Change will not happen overnight, Mr. Schultz said. It will evolve over time, but I ensure you a positive change will occur. I, along with our dedicated partners, will strive to exceed the expectations of our customers every day. (York 2008) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STRATEGY As the company expands, the culture and corporate strategy must be maintained for success (Jennings, 2008). For the recommendation, Starbucks should be able to sustain the companys growth and make the business become strong global brand. What could Starbucks do to make its stores an even more elegant milieu that welcomes rewards and give surprises to customers? What new products and new experiences could the company provide that would belong to and be associated with Starbucks? And how could Starbucks reach people who were not coffee drinkers? Starbucks must continue the fixed-price purchase commitments in order to secure an adequate supply of quality green coffee beans and to limit its exposure to fluctuating coffee prices in upcoming periods. (ThompsonStickland, 2009) Some experts therefore believe its unbranded stores initiative is not only logical, but necessary. It needs to focus on the inherent values of being local; it needs to employ local staff; it needs to be suitably different from Starbucks corporate image.It is a phenomenally successful company that started off as a local brand but grew incredibly quickly, he says. The brand was originally loved and respected by everyone, but the corporate world decided it had become too big. However, David Anderson, director of Cada Design Group, argues that most consumers dont have issues with the brand. Consumers are looking for a home away from home, and want it in an environment that isnt so heavily corporate branded. They think customers are brand loyal or product loyal, but they are not. It comes down to convenience and providing a space people want to be in. It wants to regain a community personality and the image of the neighbourhood coffee shop.(Golding, 2009) CONCLUSION Starbucks Coffees heyday was back when the corporation announced the business results in the first quarter this year reached U.S. $ 2.7 billion, with net profit of 242 million dollars (nearly 300% increase compared to same period in 2009). This is also the result of efforts to revive the brand had been likened to a giant. From the case of Starbucks, what is the lesson for business? Because development needs, the business diversified products and services is perhaps natural. A long time, Starbucks has gone with their own race shop system extension. This group has become the pride of American business people. The market strategy of Starbucks is a classic lesson in the textbook business. More services they desire to acquire a lot of customers. In fact, they have plummeted, but in time to edit. So go in-depth development (product quality, service key) to get a solid foundation for expanding business. But do not be too ambitious expansion width, expansion, missing the core. Marketing once again demonstrated its magic to bring Starbucks back to the track. The results of consumer research shows that of Starbucks, the main indicators in the business achieved a high level of satisfaction over a year ago. Although Starbucks enjoyed success in the past few years, there are a few obstacles looming. Since the popularity of the coffee house idea has grown, some cities wish to issue regulations on the coffeehouses due to complaints of late night patrons becoming uncontrollable. In conclusion therefore, Starbucks was the only company with anything close to national market coverage. The companys efforts to greatly increase its sphere of strategic interest via its joint ventures and the move to sell coffee in supermarkets that represents such ongoing drive in order to continually reinvent the way Starbucks operate its business. (Thompson Stickland, 2009) Amidst the environmental, social, and economic challenges and changes for Starbucks, its chairman, president, and chief executive officer, Howard Schultz, pledges Even during this time of change for our company, one thing that will never change is our long-standing commitment to conducting business in a responsible and ethical manner. Going forward, we will only deepen our approach by continuing to integrate social and environmental responsibility in every aspect of our business. With its various and numerous awards in Best Business, Most Admired Company, 100 Best Corporate Citizens, to name a few, Starbucks is becoming one of the most respected brands in the world. (Clampitt, 2009)

Executive Summary Of Pepsico :: essays research papers

Executive Summary of Pepsico Through my research of Pepsico, I have calculated the cost of capital. A firm's cost of capital is imperative because it represents the funds used to finance the firm's assets and operations. First you have to estimate the cost of capital in order to minimize it. In estimating the cost of capital, you first have to find the cost of each capital component and then combine the component costs to find the weighted average cost of capital. First, I calculated the cost of debt. Pepsico's bond consisted of 7 5/8 coupon rate, maturing in 1998 at a price of $1023.80. I figured the payments to be $38.15(.0763*1000/2). I then used my financial calculator to find the bond yield of 5.16% by entering in 1023.80=PV, 1000=FV, 2= N, 38.15=PMT. The bond was calculated semi-annually, therefore I multiplied the answer for I/Y times 2 to get 5.16%. The next step would be to calculate the preferred stock, however my stock had none. I then went to the third step of calculating cost of retained earnings. First I found the three growth rates which were historical, forecast, and sustainable growth. The historical and forecast annual rates I simply pulled directly from Value Line under Past 10 years and estimated years of the dividends. They both were 14.0%. The sustainable growth is calculated by taking the retention rate (b) and multiplying it by the return on equity (r ). To find b, I first calculated the dividends payout ratio which is DPS/EPS. I pulled DPS and EPS from value line under 1997. Then to find the retention rate, I subtracted the ratio from 1. Next, I calculated r, by taking net income and dividing it by net worth. These figures I also pulled from Value Line. My b= .352, and r=28.68%. Then the third growth rate was 10.10(.352*28.68). Still calculating the cost of retained earnings, I then calculated my cash flows by the discounted cash flow approach. For the first three cash flows, I took the dividend of the stock over the price of the stock, and then added the growth rate to it. My first cash flow equaled to 15.38%, second was also 15.38%, and the third one was 11.45%. To find the cash flow four, I used the CAPM approach. This formula is Ks=Krf + (Km-Krf)bs. I found beta on Value Line which was .95. The risk free rate was found by obtaining the current yield on a 20yr. T-bond from the Wall Street Journal. It equaled 6.60%. The Km-Krf was found in the book, and equaled 7.

Idioms: Meaning of Life and Wild Goose Chase

An idiom is an expression whose meaning is different from the meaning of its constituent words. Below is a list of some idioms with their meaning and usage.IDIOM| MEANING| TURN OVER A NEW LEAF| Changing for the better| After Atif was released from prison, he decided to turn over a new leaf and become an honest man.IDIOM| MEANING| HIT BELOW THE BELT| To act in an unfair matter| The candidate of the opposition party spread false rumours about the Minister. People felt that he was hitting below the belt.IDIOM| MEANING| GIFT OF THE GAB| The ability to speak well| He was able to keep the audiences amused with his stories. She surely has the gift of the gab.IDIOM| MEANING| WILD GOOSE CHASE| Futile search| Searching for hidden gold in the village field is nothing but a wild goose chase.IDIOM| MEANING| FACE THE MUSIC| To face the consequences of one’s action| I lost my father’s pen. I will have to face the music when I reach home.IDIOM| MEANING| MAKE A MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLEHIL L| To give great importance to minor things| Ibtisam stopped talking to Ruman because he did not lend him his notebook. I think he is making a mountain out of a moleh IDIOM| MEANING|THROW IN THE TOWEL| To accept defeat| I am unable to solve this question. I am ready to throw in the towel.IDIOM| MEANING| NO STONE UNTURNED| Make all possible efforts| My friend has joined two coaching classes. He is leaving no stone unturned in his efforts to get into an engineering college.IDIOM| MEANING| BORN WITH A SILVER SPOON IN ONE’S MOUTH| To be born in a very rich family| Abrar was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. isr father gave him an expensive car on his eighteenth birthday.IDIOM| MEANING| KEEP ONE’S FINGERS CROSSED| Hope for a positive outcome| My results come out day after tomorrow. I am keeping my fingers crossed.

US Federal Court System Primer

US Federal Court System Primer Often called the guardians of the Constitution, the U.S. federal court system exists to fairly and impartially interpret and apply the law, resolve disputes and, perhaps most importantly, to protect the rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. The courts do not make the laws. The Constitution delegates making, amending and repealing federal laws to the U.S. Congress. Federal Judges Under the Constitution, judges of all federal courts are appointed for life by the president of the United States, with the approval of the Senate. Federal judges can be removed from office only through impeachment and conviction by Congress. The Constitution also provides that the pay of federal judges shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Through these stipulations, the Founding Fathers hoped to promote the independence of the judicial branch from the executive and legislative branches. Composition of the Federal Judiciary The very first bill considered by the U.S. Senate the Judiciary Act of 1789 divided the country into 12 judicial districts or circuits. The court system is further divided into 94 eastern, central and southern districts geographically across the country. Within each district, one court of appeals, regional district courts and bankruptcy courts are established. The Supreme Court Created in Article III of the Constitution, the Chief Justice and eight associate justices of the Supreme Court hear and decide cases involving important questions about the interpretation and fair application of the Constitution and federal law. Cases typically come to the Supreme Court as appeals to decisions of lower federal and state courts. The Courts of Appeals Each of the 12 regional circuits has one U.S. court of Appeals that hears appeals to decisions of the district courts located within its circuit and appeals to decisions of federal regulatory agencies. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has nationwide jurisdiction and hears specialized cases like patent and international trade cases. The District Courts Considered the trial courts of the federal judicial system, the 94 district courts, located within the 12 regional circuits, hear practically all cases involving federal civil and criminal laws. Decisions of the district courts are typically appealed to the districts court of appeals. The Bankruptcy Courts The federal courts have jurisdiction over all bankruptcy cases. Bankruptcy cannot be filed in state courts. The primary purposes of the law of bankruptcy are: (1) to give an honest debtor a fresh start in life by relieving the debtor of most debts, and (2) to repay creditors in an orderly manner to the extent that the debtor has property available for payment. Special Courts Two special courts have nationwide jurisdiction over special types of cases: U.S. Court of International Trade - hears cases involving U.S. trade with foreign countries and customs issues U.S. Court of Federal Claims - considers claims for monetary damages made against the U.S. government, federal contract disputes and disputed takings or claiming of land by the federal government Other special courts include: Court of Appeals for Veterans ClaimsU.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

HIP HOP PROMOTES VIOLENCE essays

HIP HOP PROMOTES VIOLENCE essays Hip Hop was once the African-American experiences and the voices of their people being told throughout music in the early 1990s. African-American youth experiences came about from the rise in police brutality, the crack cocaine epidemic, and its prison industrial complex counterparts. Its growing commercial appeal such as the music videos and soundtracks provided a dangerous outlet for the generation's frustration. "Gangsta rap" claims to speak of the new wealth of poor inner city youngsters. On the other hand with all the disadvantages of inner city life, hip hop culture and its economic components have failed in using its wealth to solve the public policy unfairness that frame urban societies. Despite the millions of dollars flowing to and through the rap music industry and the so called hip hop or urban clothing industry, very little if any of it has gone to support strategies geared at empowering African-Americans within American capitalism. An example of this is in Talib Kweli's 2000 song African Dream lyrics that say, "These cats drink champagne to toast death and pain like slaves on a ship talkin' 'bout who got the flyest chains". Kweli speaks directly about the phony value of fleeting wealth and the failure of hip hop wealth to actually better the quality of African American life. Many rap artists proudly admit that they are only concerned with discussing sex and money in their music. They cut off the idea that they should be troubled with "serious" topics or that hip hop artists have to promote race consciousness. They arrogantly discard the "role-model" label and do not want to take any responsibilities. Hip hop's recent obsession with money, fascination with crime, and complete violation of women signal the absorption of the generation into a mainstream psychology and social ethic. Many including African Americans see the ruthless pursuit of individual wealth as an American dream, and for the hip hop genera...

International Law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Law - Dissertation Example esolution is usually included in bilateral international treaties (BITs) which are intended to bind treaty states to commitments for protecting investors and their investments against hostile host state conduct in transactions under foreign direct investment (FDI).7 The proposed dissertation will analyse arbitral awards and their underlying decisions relative to investor/state arbitration with a view to identifying and analysing contributions to customary international law and the consequences for resolving investor/state disputes. In particular, the proposed dissertation evaluates the extent to which international commercial arbitration and more especially, ISA, has established or can satisfactorily establish the necessary legal protections for encouraging and facilitating FDIs. The proposed dissertation will argue that although there is no multilateral international legal instrument regulating FDIs and investor-state relations, international customary law and the principle of fair and equitable treatment included in BITs and emerging from investor/state arbitration has contributed to a sufficiently coherent body of law so that investors are accorded the protection necessary for investing abroad. It will be argued that although international arbitration in general including ISA is not regulated by a centralized forum by which binding precedents may be created, the cumulative effect of BITs and ISAs applying and interpreting BITs have resulted in a customs, norms and rules that have established a coherent body of law applicable to standards of treatment expected of host states.8 It will also be argued, however, that despite the emerging coherent body of law, there are challenges to overcome. For example, the different language used in BITs has resulted in arbitrators rending inconsistent or unclear decisions in their interpretation of protective clauses in BITs.9 Outline: In order to support the hypothesis that ISA or international commercial arbitration has co ntributed to a coherent body of law for promulgating FDIs, the proposed dissertation will be presented as follows: Part I: Introduction. The introduction establishes that over the last 20 years or so, there have been two interesting developments in international commercial transactions: an increase in BITs10 and a decrease in investor/state arbitration.11 The introduction then makes an undertaking that the dissertation will establish that the link between these developments is ISA in that BITs provide for arbitration of investor/state disputes and interpret and apply the level of protection provided for in BITs. Part II: This part of the dissertation

Museum Visit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Museum Visit - Assignment Example The Egyptian history was written by priest Manetho, in the 1st Century. He classified the Pharaohs into 30 Dynasties. The Pharaonic Period is divided into five periods, which include Early, Middle, New, Late kingdom, the three intermediate Periods and the Persian Period (Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium 1). These periods are significant in the Egyptian history because they represent a break in the Pharaonic History via the decay or invasion of intermediate periods (the central power). The mentioning of Dynasties gives readers a bigger picture of the events that occurred, during specific periods, in the Pharaonic History, which is believed to be more than 3000 years old (Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium 1). One of the most common features of the Egyptian religious belief is the idea of life after death. They believed that their dead bodies had to be preserved, in the tombs, to provide a place for their spirits to reside in after life. Preservation of bodies is known as mummification. According to the Ancient Egyptians, cremating bodies was a sign of destroying an individual’s soul. They believed that souls had to interact with bodies, even after death. Preservation of bodies was enhanced by the Egypt’s geographical location and climate (Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium 1). Dry air and sand preserved bodies that were laid in shallow pits. In the Pharonic History, over 70 million mummies have been prepared in the past 3000 years (Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium 1). Pharaohs, who were both political leaders and gods, were buried in large pyramids, in the Old Kingdom. The Ancient Egyptians used the Rosetta stone to enhance the development of modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing (Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum & Planetarium 1). This stone is believed to have been created during the Ptolemaic era stele, in the 196BC. Its surface is covered with in scribbled texts, which is